THE BEMENT FAMILY HISTORY

1. William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England (Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 14 Oct 1027 in Falaise, Calvados, France, and died 4 Sep 1087 in Hermenbrayville, Roune, France. He married Matilda of Flanders 1050 in Cathedral of Notre Dame d'Eu, Normandy, France, daughter of Baudouin and Princess Adela.

Notes for William I, The Conqueror, King of England:

WILLIAM I, called The Conqueror (1027-87), first Norman king of England (1066-87), who has been called one of the first modern kings and is generally regarded as one of the outstanding figures in western European history. Born in Falaise, France, William was the illegitimate son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy (1010?-35), and Arletta (fl. 1025-40), a tanner's daughter, and he is therefore sometimes called William the Bastard.

Upon the death of his father, the Norman nobles, honoring their promise to Robert, accepted William as his successor. Rebellion against the young duke broke out almost immediately, however, and his position did not become secure until 1047 when, with the aid of Henry I, King of France, he won a decisive victory over a rebel force near Caen. During a visit in 1051 to his childless cousin, Edward the Confessor, King of England, William is said to have obtained Edward's agreement that he should succeed to the English throne. In 1053, defying a papal ban, William married Matilda of Flanders (1031?-83), daughter of Baldwin V (1012-66), Count of Flanders and a descendant of King Alfred the Great, thereby strengthening his claim to the crown of England. Henry I, fearing the strong bond between Normandy and Flanders resulting from the marriage, attempted in 1054 and again in 1058 to crush the powerful duke, but on both occasions William defeated the French king's forces.

Conquest of England. About 1064, the powerful English noble, Harold, Earl of Wessex, was shipwrecked on the Norman coast and taken prisoner by William. He secured his release by swearing to support William's claim to the English throne. When King Edward died, however, the witenagemot (royal council) elected Harold king. Determined to make good his claim, William secured the sanction of Pope Alexander II (r. 1061-73) for a Norman invasion of England. The duke and his army landed at Pevensey on Sept. 28, 1066. On October 14, the Normans defeated the English forces at the celebrated Battle of Hastings, in which Harold was slain. William then proceeded to London, crushing the resistance he encountered on the way. On Christmas Day he was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey. The English did not accept foreign rule without a struggle. William met the opposition, which was particularly violent in the north and west, with strong measures; he was responsible for the devastation of great areas of the country, particularly in Yorkshire, where Danish forces had arrived to aid the Saxon rebels. By 1070 the Norman conquest of England was complete. William invaded Scotland in 1072 and forced the Scottish king Malcolm III MacDuncan (1031?-93) to pay him homage. During the succeeding years the Conqueror crushed insurrections among his Norman followers, including that incited in 1075 by Ralph de Guader (fl. 1066-98), 1st Earl of Norfolk, and Roger Fitzwilliam (fl. 1071-75), Earl of Hereford, and a series of uprisings in Normandy led by his eldest son, Robert (c. 1054-1134), who later became Robert II, Duke of Normandy.

His Achievements. One feature of William's reign as king was his reorganization of the English feudal and administrative systems. He dissolved the great earldoms, which had enjoyed virtual independence under his Anglo-Saxon predecessors, and distributed the lands confiscated from the English to his trusted Norman followers. He introduced the Continental system of feudalism; by the Oath of Salisbury of 1086 all landlords swore allegiance to William, thus establishing the precedent that a vassal's loyalty to the king overrode his fealty to his immediate lord. The feudal lords were compelled to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the local courts, which William retained along with many other Anglo-Saxon institutions. The ecclesiastical and secular courts were separated, and the power of the papacy in English affairs was curtailed. Another accomplishment was the economic survey undertaken and incorporated in the Domesday Book in 1086. In 1087, during a campaign against King Philip I of France, William burned the town of Mantes (now Mantes-la-Jolie). William's horse fell in the vicinity of Mantes, fatally injuring him. He died in Rouen on September 7 and was buried at Caen in Saint Stephen's, one of the abbeys he and Matilda had founded at the time of their marriage as penance for their defiance of the pope. William was succeeded by his third-born son, William II.

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Notes for Matilda of Flanders:

MATILDA, Queen of England, from 1066-1083, wife of William I, King of England, (aka, William The Conqueror) was the daughter of Baudouin V, Count of Flanders (France), and the sixth in descent from Elfrida, daughter of Alfred the Great.

ALFRED, called The Great (849-99), king of the West Saxons (871-99), and one of the outstanding figures of English history. Born in Wantage in southern England, Alfred was the youngest of five sons of King Ethelwulf (790?-858). On the death of his brother Ethelred (r. 866-71) Alfred became king, coming to the throne during a Danish invasion. Although he succeeded in making peace with the Danes, they resumed their marauding expeditions five years later, and by early 878 they were successful almost everywhere. About Easter of 878, however, Alfred established himself at Athelney and began assembling an army. In the middle of that year he defeated the Danes and captured their stronghold, probably at present-day Edington. During the following 14 years Alfred was able to devote himself to the internal affairs of his kingdom. By 886 he had captured the city of London, and soon afterward he was recognized as the king of all England.

In 893 the Danes invaded England again, and the following four years were marked by warfare; eventually, the Danes were forced to withdraw from Alfred's domain. The only ruler to resist Danish invasions successfully, Alfred made his kingdom the rallying point for all Saxons, thus laying the foundation for the unification of England.

Alfred was a patron of learning and did much for the education of his people. He began a court school and invited British and foreign scholars, notably the Welsh monk Asser (fl. 885-909?) and the Irish-born philosopher and theologian John Scotus Erigena, to come there. Alfred translated such works as The Consolation of Philosophy by the Roman statesman and philosopher Boethius, The History of the World by the Spanish priest Paulus Orosius (c. 385-420), and Pastoral Care by Pope Gregory I. Alfred's laws, the first promulgated in more than a century, were the first that made no distinction between the English and the Welsh peoples.

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Children of William and Matilda Flanders are:

2. Robert² Courthose , Duke of Normandy (William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 1052 in Normandy, France, and died 10 Feb 1133/34 in Cardiff, Glamorganshire, Wales. He married Sybilla of Conversano May 1100 in Apulia, Italy.

Notes for Robert Courthose , Duke of Normandy:

Robert II, called Courteheuse \kuer-toez\ . 1054? -1134. Duke (1087-1134). Eldest son of William the Conqueror. Rebelled against his father (1077, 1080, 1082). Disputed Normandy with his brother William II of England (1089, 1091, 1094); incompetent as ruler, failed to control rebellious vassals or establish a central authority. Took important part in First Crusade (1096-99), distinguishing himself at battles of Dorylaeum (1097), Jerusalem (1099), and Ascalon (1099); delayed in Italy on his return (1100). Invaded England (1101) in attempt to take throne from his younger brother, Henry I; retired to Normandy; at war again with Henry (1105-06); defeated at Tinchebrai (1106); imprisoned at Cardiff (1106-34).

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Child of Robert Courthose and Sybilla Conversano is:

7. Princess of England² Adela (William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 1062 in Normandy, France, and died 8 Mar 1134/35 in Marsilly, France. She married Count of Blois Stephen 1080.

Children of Princess Adela and Count Stephen are:

9. Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England (William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born Sep 1068 in Selby, Yorkshire, England, and died 1 Dec 1135 in Rouen, Normandy, France. He married (1) Princess of Scotland Matilda 11 Nov 1100 in Westminister Abbey, daughter of Malcolm and Queen Margaret. He married (2) Adelicia of Lower Lorraine Aft. 1118.

Notes for Henry I, Beauclerc, King of England:

HENRY I (1068-1135), third Norman king of England (1100-35), fourth son of William the Conqueror. Henry was born in Selby. Because his father, who died in 1087, left him no land, Henry made several unsuccessful attempts to gain territories on the Continent. On the death of his brother William II in 1100, Henry took advantage of the absence of another brother-Robert (c. 1054-1134), who had a prior claim to the throne-to seize the royal treasury and have himself crowned king at Westminster. Henry subsequently secured his position with the nobles and with the church by issuing a charter of liberties that acknowledged the feudal rights of the nobles and the rights of the church.

In 1101 Robert, who was duke of Normandy, invaded England, but Henry persuaded him to withdraw by promising him a pension and military aid on the Continent. In 1102 Henry put down a revolt of nobles, who subsequently took refuge in Normandy, where they were aided by Robert. By defeating Robert at Tinchebray, France, in 1106, Henry won Normandy. During the rest of his reign, however, he constantly had to put down uprisings that threatened his rule in Normandy. The conflict between Henry and Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, over the question of lay investiture (the appointment of church officials by the king), was settled in 1107 by a compromise that left the king with substantial control in the matter. Because he had no surviving male heir, Henry was forced to designate his daughter Matilda (1102-67) as his heiress. After his death on Dec. 1, 1135, at Lyons-la-Foret, Normandy, however, Henry's nephew, Stephen of Blois, usurped the throne, plunging the country into a protracted civil war that ended only with the accession of Matilda's son, Henry II, in 1154.

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Children of Henry and Princess Matilda are:

12. Stephen³ King of England (Princess of England² Adela, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 1097 in Blois, France, and died 25 Oct 1154 in Dover, England. He married Matilda of Boulogne in 1125, daughter of Eustace and Mary Boulogne.

Notes for King of England Stephen:

Stephen of Blois (1097?-1154), king of England (1135-54), born probably in Blois, France. He was the grandson of King William I (the Conqueror) and nephew of Henry I. In 1125 Stephen swore fidelity to Henry's daughter Matilda, to succeed her father to the throne. Upon Henry's death, however, Stephen proclaimed himself king. He was opposed by many English barons and by Matilda and her supporters, and his reign was troubled by anarchy and constant internal wars. For six months in 1141 he was Matilda's prisoner, during which time she reigned as queen. Stephen was restored to the throne, but for five years Matilda and many of the nobles continued to oppose him. During the course of the frequent civil wars, much of the land was ravaged, and England was plunged into almost complete chaos. In 1148 Matilda left England and gave up her claim in favor of her son, Henry of Anjou, later Henry II. Henry then waged war against Stephen until 1153, when Stephen was forced to name Henry his heir.

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Children of King Stephen and Matilda Boulogne are:

14. Count of Blois³ Theobald (Princess of England² Adela, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born ABT 1102, and died 1152. He married Maud of Carinthia 1126.

Child of Count Theobald and Maud Carinthia is:

17. Princess of England³ Matilda (Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 7 Feb 1101/02 in England, and died 10 Sep 1167 in Notre Dame, DePres, France. She married (1) Henry V, Emperor of Germany 1120. She married (2) Geoffrey Plantagenet V, Count of Anjou 3 Apr 1127, son of Fulk and Erembourg Maine.

Notes for Princess of England Matilda:

MATILDA, married (1) Henry V, Emperor of Germany; and married (2) Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou and Maine. After the death of her father in 1135, she had been designated the heiress of Henry I but had been deprived of the succession by her cousin, Stephen of Blois (1104-1154), who made himself king. Henry claimed the English kingship through his mother, Matilda (1102-67) in 1154 and served until his death in 1189. (Source: Britain's Kings & Queens, Pitkin, 1994)

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Notes for Henry V, Emperor of Germany:

Henry V (Holy Roman Empire) (1086-1125), German king (1098-1125) and Holy Roman emperor (1106-25), last of the Salian emperors, who enlarged the German Kingdom and ended its civil war.

Henry was born on November 8, 1086, in Goslar, Germany. Fearing that his succession was endangered, Henry rebelled against his father, Emperor Henry IV, in 1104, captured him, and forced him to abdicate. The young Henry became undisputed ruler on the death of his father in 1106.

In 1110 Henry agreed to respect the decree of Pope Paschal II against lay investiture, that is, the king's right to confer symbols of authority on church officials, providing that the pope would crown him and that the church would surrender all its secular property and rights within the empire. Because Henry's demand raised such a furor among the clergy when it was announced to them on the day of coronation, Paschal refused to crown Henry, who thereupon departed from Rome, taking the pope prisoner. To gain his freedom, the pope allowed Henry the power of investiture and crowned him emperor, but in 1112 he retracted his concessions. From 1114 to 1121 many of the German princes rebelled against Henry. Although northern Germany was in revolt in 1116, Henry invaded Italy to seize the territories that had been left to the papacy by Matilda, countess of Tuscany. After driving Pope Paschal from Rome, Henry had himself recrowned in 1117 by Maurice Bourdin, archbishop of Braga, whom he established as the antipope Gregory VIII (died about 1137) after the death of Paschal in 1118. Henry was accordingly excommunicated by Paschal's successor, Pope Gelasius II (reigned 1118-19).

On returning to Germany, Henry concluded peace with his former domestic enemies at the Diet of Würzburg in 1121. By the Concordat of Worms in 1122 he established a compromise on investiture with the papacy, abandoning the antipope Gregory VIII; he was then reinstated in the communion of the church, but retained the right to appoint church officials. In the last year of his reign the emperor, in alliance with his father-in-law, Henry I of England, led an unsuccessful expedition against Louis VI of France. Henry died in Utrecht on May 23, 1125, and was succeeded by Lothair II.

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Children of Princess Matilda and Geoffrey Plantagenet are:

23. Henry⁴ II, King of England (Princess of England³ Matilda, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 5 Mar 1132/33 in Le Mans, Sarthe, France, and died 6 Jul 1189 in Chinon Castle, Tours, France. He married (1) Eleanor of Aquitaine , Dutchess of Aquitaine 18 May 1152 in Bordeaux Cathedral, Bordeaux, France. He met (2) Aliz de Porhoët , Third Concubine of Henry II Bef. 1173 in Unmarried.

Notes for Henry II, King of England:

HENRY II (1133-89), king of England (1154-89), first monarch of the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet, an important administrative reformer, who was one of the most powerful European rulers of his time. Born March 5, 1133, at Le Mans, France, Henry became duke of Normandy in 1151. The following year, on the death of his father, he inherited the Angevin territories in France. By his marriage in 1152 to Eleanor of Aquitaine, Henry added vast territories in southwestern France to his possessions. Henry claimed the English kingship through his mother, Matilda (1102-67). She had been designated the heiress of Henry I but had been deprived of the succession by her cousin, Stephen of Blois, who made himself king.

In 1153 Henry defeated Stephen's armies in England and compelled the king to choose him as his successor; on Stephen's death, the following year, Henry became king. During the first few years of his reign Henry quelled the disorders that had developed during Stephen's reign, regained the northern counties of England, which had previously been ceded to Scotland, and conquered North Wales. In 1171-72 he began the Norman conquest of Ireland and in 1174 forced William the Lion, king of the Scots, to recognize him as overlord. In 1164 Henry became involved in a quarrel with Thomas a Becket, whom he had appointed archbishop of Canterbury. By the Constitutions of Clarendon, the king decreed that priests accused of crimes should be tried in royal courts; Becket claimed that such cases should be handled by ecclesiastical courts, and the controversy that followed ended in 1170 with Becket's murder by four of Henry's knights. Widespread indignation over the murder forced the king to rescind his decree and recognize Becket as a martyr. Although he failed to subject the church to his courts, Henry's judicial reforms were of lasting significance. In England he established a centralized system of justice accessible to all freemen and administered by judges who traveled around the country at regular intervals. He also began the process of replacing the old trial by ordeal with modern court procedures.

From the beginning of his reign, Henry was involved in conflict with Louis VII, King of France, and later with Louis's successor, Philip II, over the French provinces that Henry claimed. A succession of rebellions against Henry, headed by his sons and furthered by Philip II and by Eleanor of Aquitaine, began in 1173 and continued until his death at Chinon, France, on July 6, 1189. (Note: Eleanor of Aquitaine was the divorced first wife of King Louis VII of France). Henry was succeeded by his son Richard I, called Richard the Lion-Hearted.

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Henry's "Third Concubine", Aliz De Porhoët, gave birth to his son, William De Longespée, about 1173. William became Earl of Salisbury and it was through the descendants of this line and the subsequent marriage of Alice Botilier to Nicholas deSandford about 1350 that merged his ancestors and descendants into the Thomas Sanford line (1608-1681), and ultimately into the Bement line in 1893 with the marriage of Susan Belle Sanford (1872-1899) to William Henry Bement.

Dennis Gene BeMent

August, 1997

Henry II is further researched on a website from a professor at the University of Hull, UK. This may be accessed directly at: http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/cgi/bct/gedlkup/n=royal?royal01371

Dennis Gene BeMent

November, 1997

Notes for Aliz de Porhoët , Third Concubine of Henry II:

Additional information on the ancestors of Thomas Sanford is located on Brøderbund World Family Tree, Volume 8, Pedigree #3331. This provides a vital link to Nicholas deSandford and his spouse, Alice Botilier. Alice is a descendant of Henry II, King of England, and links the Sanford family with the royal families of the United Kingdom and other royal families on the continent.

Dennis BeMent (August, 1997)

Additional information on Aliz de Porhoët, the Third Concubine of King Henry II may be found on Brøderbund World Family Tree, Volume 12, Pedigree #1152. This record indicates a sealing and reference number 9FTR-4M as well as a baptism on 11 Oct 1954 and endowment on 23 Nov 1954 (SG).

Dennis BeMent (November, 1997)

Information received from yet another source indicates that Aliz may have been a younger relative of Henry II and that it may have been an incestuous relationship in the least which resulted in an iligitimate child.

Children of Henry and Eleanor Aquitaine are:

Child of Henry and Aliz de Porhoët is:

28. Lackland⁵ John , King of England (Henry⁴ II, King of England, Princess of England³ Matilda, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 24 Dec 1167 in Beaumont Palace,Oxford,England, and died 19 Oct 1216 in Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire, England. He married (1) Isabella of Gloucester ABT 1189. He married (2) Isabella Taillefer 24 Aug 1200 in Bordeaux, France.

Notes for Lackland John , King of England:

John (of England), called John Lackland (1167-1216), King of England (1199-1216), best known for signing the Magna Carta.

John was born in Oxford on December 24, 1167, the youngest son of King Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry provided for the eventual inheritance of his lands by his older sons before John was born. By 1186, however, only Richard I, the Lion-Hearted, and John were left as Henry's heirs. In 1189, as Henry neared death, John joined Richard's rebellion against their father, and when Richard was crowned, he gave John many estates and titles. John tried but failed to usurp the Crown while Richard was away on the Third Crusade. Upon returning to England, Richard forgave him. When his brother died in 1199, John became king. A revolt ensued by the supporters of Arthur of Brittany, the son of John's brother, Geoffrey. Arthur was defeated and captured in 1202, and John is believed to have had him murdered. King Philip II of France continued Arthur's war until John had to surrender nearly all his French possessions in 1204. In 1207 John refused to accept the election of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. Pope Innocent III then excommunicated him and began negotiating with Philip for an invasion of England. Desperate, John surrendered England to the pope and in 1213 received it back as a fief. Trying to regain his French possession, he was decisively defeated by Philip in 1214. John's reign had become increasingly tyrannical; to support his wars he had extorted money, raised taxes, and confiscated properties. His barons finally united to force him to respect their rights and privileges. John had little choice but to sign the Magna Carta presented to him by his barons at Runnymede in 1215, making him subject, rather than superior, to the law. Shortly afterward John and the barons were at war.

He divorced his first wife after 10 childless years of marriage; the 34 year-old king soon after wed Isabella, the 12-year old daughter of Count Audemar of Angouleme; after John's death, Isabella wed the son of her first fiance. He died at Newark in Nottinghamshire on October 19, 1216, while still pursuing the campaign, and was succeeded by his son, Henry III.

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Notes for Isabella Taillefer:

She was betrothed to Hugh before she married John. After John's death she

retired to her native city and eventually married Hugh after about three years. Countess of Angoulême 1202. She had five childen to the first marriage with John, and eleven more with her second husband, Hugh.

Children of Lackland John and Isabella Taillefer are:

29. William⁵ de Longespée , Earl of Salisbury (Henry⁴ II, King of England, Princess of England³ Matilda, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway, the Stingy^I Halfdan, Eysteinn^J I, Fretr Halfdansson, Halfdan^K Huitbein/Olasson, Olaf Ingjaldsson/Ulaf^L Tvetelia, Ingiald^M Yngling, Braut-Onund^N Ingvarsson, Ingvar^O Eysteinsson, Eystein^P Adilsson, Adils^Q Ottarsson, Ottar^R Egilsson, Egil^S Aunsson, Aun^T Jorundsson , the Aged, Jorund^U Yngvasson, Yngvi^V Alreksson, Alrek^W Agnasson, Agni^X Dagsson, Dag^Y Dyggvasson, Dyggvi^Z Domarsson, Domar^[ Domaldasson, Domaldi^{} Visbursson, Visbur] Vanlandasson, Vanlanti^ Svegdasson, Svegdi_ Fjolnarsson, Fjoinir` Yngvi-Freysson, King of Swedesa Yngvi-Frey, King of Swedesb Njord) was born ABT 1173 in England, and died 7 Mar 1225/26 in Salisbury, Wilts, England. He married Ela FitzPatrick , Countess of Salisbury 1198, daughter of William Fitzpatrick.}

Notes for William de Longespée , Earl of Salisbury:

It is also believed that the mother of William de Longespée may have been Rosamund de Clifford rather than Aliz de Porhoet. It appears to be certain that he was in fact the son of King Henry II of England.

The House of Clifford, Chapter 5: Much controversy surrounds the identity of

the Mother of William, for Rosamund was not the king's only mistress, though

there are many who believe she was. Those who dispute Rosamund's claim base their case on the disparity in the ages of all concerned, but there is other

evidence as well which can not be ignored. Unfortunately, the records date

neither the birth of Rosamund nor that of her father, or her reputed sons.

Documents also indicate an Ida, and an Ykenai as his mother. Died while on Crusade. (Source: Copyright 1994 & 1995 & 1996 & 1997 Brian C. Tompsett, University of Hull, UK, E-mail: B.C.Tompsett@dcs.hull.ac.uk

Notes for Ela FitzPatrick , Countess of Salisbury:

Ela FitzPatrick, Countess of Salisbury was the daughter and heiress of the Earl of Salisbury, and later, Abbess of Lacock in Wiltshire. (Source: Copyright 1994 & 1995 & 1996 & 1997 Brian C. Tompsett, University of Hull, UK)

Child of William de Longespée and Ela FitzPatrick is:

30. Henry⁶ III, King of England (Lackland⁵ John , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 1 Oct 1207 in Winchester, England, and died 16 Nov 1272 in St. Edmundsbury, England. He married Eleanor of Provence 14 Jan 1234/35 in Canterbury, England.

Notes for Henry III, King of England:

Henry III (of England) (1207-72), king of England (1216-72), son and successor of King John (Lackland), and a member of the house of Anjou, or Plantagenet. Henry ascended the throne at the age of nine, on the death of his father. During his minority the kingdom was ruled by William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke, as regent, but after his death in 1219 the justiciar Hubert de Burgh was the chief power in the government. During the regency the French, who occupied much of eastern England, were expelled, and rebellious barons were subdued.

Henry was declared of age in 1227. In 1232 he dismissed Hubert de Burgh from his court and commenced ruling without the aid of ministers. Henry displeased the barons by filling government and church offices with foreign favorites, many of them relatives of his wife, Eleanor of Provence, whom he married in 1236, and by squandering money on Continental wars, especially in France. In order to secure the throne of Sicily for one of his sons, Henry agreed to pay the pope a large sum. When the king requested money from the barons to pay his debt, they refused and in 1258 forced him to agree to the Provisions of Oxford, whereby he agreed to share his power with a council of barons. Henry soon repudiated his oath, however, with papal approval. After a brief period of war, the matter was referred to the arbitration of Louis IX, King of France, who decided in Henry's favor in a judgment called the Mise of Amiens (1264). Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, accordingly led the barons into war, defeated Henry at Lewes, and took him prisoner. In 1265, however, Henry's son and heir, Edward, later King Edward I, led the royal troops to victory over the barons at Evesham, about 40.2 km (about 25 mi) south of Birmingham. Simon de Montfort was killed in the battle, and the barons agreed to a compromise with Edward and his party in 1267. From that time on Edward ruled England, and when Henry died, he succeeded him as king.

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Children of Henry and Eleanor Provence are:

32. Stephen⁶ Longespée (William⁵ de Longespée, Earl of Salisbury, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born ABT 1216 in Salisbury, Wilts, England, and died 1260. He married Countess of Ulster Emaline WFT Est. 1231-1255.

Child of Stephen Longespée and Countess Emaline is:

33. Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England (Henry⁶ III, King of England, Lackland⁵ John , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 17 Jun 1239 in Westminster, England, and died 7 Jul 1307 in Burgh-on-the-Sands, Carlisle, England. He married (1) Eleanor of Castile 13 Oct 1254 in Abbey of Las Huedgas, Burgos, Castile, Spain. He married (2) Margaret of France Aft. 1290, daughter of Philip III, King of France.

Notes for Edward I, Longshanks, King of England:

Edward I, called Longshanks (1239-1307), King of England (1272-1307), of the house of Plantagenet. He was born in Westminster on June 17, 1239, the eldest son of King Henry III, and at 15 married Eleanor of Castile. In the struggles of the barons against the crown for constitutional and ecclesiastical reforms, Edward took a vacillating course. When warfare broke out between the crown and the nobility, Edward fought on the side of the king, winning the decisive battle of Evesham in 1265. Five years later he left England to join the Seventh Crusade. Following his father's death in 1272, and while he was still abroad, Edward was recognized as king by the English barons; in 1273, on his return to England, he was crowned.

The first years of Edward's reign were a period of the consolidation of his power. He suppressed corruption in the administration of justice, restricted the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical courts to church affairs, and eliminated the papacy's overlordship over England. On the refusal of Llewelyn ab Gruffydd, ruler of Wales, to submit to the English crown, Edward began the military conflict that resulted, in 1284, in the annexation of Llewelyn's principality to the English crown. In 1290 Edward expelled all Jews from England. War between England and France broke out in 1293 as a result of the efforts of France to curb Edward's power in Gascony. Edward lost Gascony in 1293 and did not again come into possession of the duchy until 1303. About the same year in which he lost Gascony, the Welsh rose in rebellion.

Greater than either of these problems was the disaffection of the people of Scotland. In agreeing to arbitrate among the claimants to the Scottish throne, Edward, in 1291, had exacted as a prior condition the recognition by all concerned of his overlordship of Scotland. The Scots later repudiated him and made an alliance with France against England. To meet the critical situations in Wales and Scotland, Edward summoned a parliament, called the Model Parliament by historians because it was a representative body and in that respect was the forerunner of all future parliaments. Assured by Parliament of support at home, Edward took the field and suppressed the Welsh insurrection. In 1296, after invading and conquering Scotland, he declared himself king of that realm. In 1298 he again invaded Scotland to suppress the revolt led by Sir William Wallace. In winning the Battle of Falkirk in 1298, Edward achieved the greatest military triumph of his career, but he failed to crush Scottish opposition.

The conquest of Scotland became the ruling passion of his life. He was, however, compelled by the nobles, clergy, and commons to desist in his attempts to raise by arbitrary taxes the funds he needed for campaigns. In 1299 Edward made peace with France and married Margaret, sister of King Philip III of France. Thus freed of war, he again undertook the conquest of Scotland in 1303. Wallace was captured and executed in 1305. No sooner had Edward established his government in Scotland, however, than a new revolt broke out and culminated in the coronation of Robert Bruce as King of Scotland. In 1307 Edward set out for the third time to subdue the Scots, but he died en route near Carlisle on July 7, 1307.

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Children of Edward and Eleanor Castile are:

34. Margaret⁷ Princess of England (Henry⁶ III, King of England, John ⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 1240, and died 1275. She married Alexander III, King of Scotland 1251, son of Alexander and Mary de Coucy.

Notes for Alexander III, King of Scotland:

Alexander III (of Scotland) (1241-86), king of Scotland (1249-86), son of Alexander II and his second wife, Mary of Coucy. In 1251 Alexander married Margaret, the daughter of King Henry III of England, and the English repeatedly attempted to interfere in Scottish affairs during his minority. He successfully resisted an invasion by King Håkon IV of Norway at the battle of Largs (1263), and in 1266 he forced Håkon's successor, Magnus VI, to surrender the Isle of Man and the Hebrides Islands to Scotland. Alexander was succeeded by his granddaughter Margaret, the Maid of Norway.

Child of Princess Margaret and Alexander is:

35. Eleanor⁷ Longespée (Stephen⁶, William⁵ de Longespée , Earl of Salisbury, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born ABT 1245, and died WFT Est. 1271-1339. She married Roger La Zouche WFT Est. 1261-1280, son of Alan La Zouche and Helen de Quincy.

Child of Eleanor Longespée and Roger La Zouche is:

37. Edward⁸ II, King of England (Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland, King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 25 Apr 1284 in Caernarvon Castle, Wales, and died 21 Sep 1327 in Beckeley Castle, Gloucestershire, England. He married Princess of France Isabella 22 Jan 1306/07, daughter of Philip IV, King of France.

Notes for Edward II, King of England:

Edward II (1284-1327), Plantagenet King of England (1307-1327), whose incompetence and distaste for government finally led to his deposition and murder.

Edward was born on April 25, 1284, at Caernarvon, Wales, the fourth son of King Edward I and his first wife, Eleanor of Castile. The deaths of his older brothers made the infant prince heir to the throne; in 1301 he was proclaimed prince of Wales, the first heir apparent in English history to bear that title. The prince was idle and frivolous, with no liking for military campaigning or affairs of state. Believing that the prince's close friend Piers Gaveston, a Gascon knight, was a bad influence on the prince, Edward I banished Gaveston. On his father's death, however, Edward II recalled his favorite. Gaveston incurred the opposition of the powerful English barony. The nobles were particularly angered in 1308, when Edward made Gaveston regent for the period of the king's absence in France, where he went to marry Isabella, daughter of King Philip IV. In 1311 the barons, led by Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, forced the king to appoint from among them a committee of 21 nobles and prelates, called the lords ordainers. They proclaimed a series of ordinances that transferred the ruling power to themselves and excluded the commons and lower clergy from Parliament. After they had twice forced the king to banish Gaveston, and the king had each time recalled him, the barons finally had the king's favorite kidnapped and executed.

In the meantime, Robert Bruce had almost completed his reconquest of Scotland, which he had begun shortly after 1305. In 1314 Edward II and his barons raised an army of some 100,000 men with which to crush Bruce, but in the attempt to lift the siege of Stirling they were decisively defeated (see Battle of Bannockburn). For the following eight years the Earl of Lancaster virtually ruled the kingdom. In 1322, however, with the advice and help of two new royal favorites, the baron Hugh le Despenser, and his son, also Hugh le Despenser, Edward defeated Lancaster in battle and had him executed. The le Despensers thereupon became de facto rulers of England. They summoned a Parliament in which the commons were included and which repealed the ordinances of 1311 on the ground that they had been passed by the barons only. The repeal was a great step forward in English constitutional development, for it meant that thenceforth no law passed by Parliament was valid unless the House of Commons approved it.

Edward again futilely invaded Scotland in 1322, and in 1323 signed a 13-year truce with Bruce. In 1325 Queen Isabella accompanied the Prince of Wales to France, where, in accordance with feudal custom, he did homage to King Charles IV for the fief of Aquitaine. Isabella, who desired to depose the le Despensers, allied herself with some barons who had been exiled by Edward. In 1326, with their leader, Roger de Mortimer, Isabella raised an army and invaded England. Edward and his favorites fled, but his wife's army pursued and executed the le Despensers and imprisoned Edward. In January 1327, Parliament forced Edward to resign and proclaimed the prince of Wales, Edward III as king. On September 21 of that year Edward II was murdered by his captors at Berkeley Castle, Gloucestershire.

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Children of Edward and Princess Isabella are:

38. Margaret⁸ Princess of Scotland (Princess of England⁷, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born Aft. 1268, and died 1283. She married Eric II, Magnusson, King of Norway.

Child of Princess Margaret and Eric is:

39. Alan⁸ La Zouche , Sir, 1st Baron of Ashby (Eleanor⁷ Longespée, Stephen⁶, William⁵ de Longespée , Earl of Salisbury, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Princess of England³ Matilda, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 1267 in Ashley, Leistershire, England, and died 25 Mar 1314 in Brackley, England. He married Eleanor Seagrave ABT 1287, daughter of Nicholas de Seagrave and Maude de Lucy.

Child of Alan La Zouche and Eleanor Seagrave is:

40. Edward⁹ III, King of England (Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 13 Nov 1312 in Windsor Castle, England, and died 21 Jun 1377 in Shene (now Richmond), England. He married Philippa of Hainault and Holland 24 Jan 1327/28 in York Minster, England.

Notes for Edward III, King of England:

Edward III (1312-77), king of England (1327-77), who initiated the long, drawn-out struggle with France called the Hundred Years' War.

Edward was born at Windsor on November 13, 1312, the elder son of King Edward II, of the house of Plantagenet. Involved by his mother, Isabella of France, in her intrigues against his father, he was proclaimed king after the latter was forced to abdicate in 1327. During Edward's minority, England was nominally ruled by a council of regency, but the actual power was in the hands of Isabella and her paramour, Roger de Mortimer. In 1330, however, the young king staged a palace coup and took the power into his own hands. His first step in asserting his rule, was to judicially murder Mortimer, his mother's lover, by plucking him out of his mother's bed, and then have him hanged through the Act of Attainder, and confining Isabella for the rest of her life to her home.

Edward began a series of wars almost directly after he had control of England. Taking advantage of civil war in Scotland in 1333, he invaded the country, defeated the Scots at Halidon Hill, England, and restored Edward de Baliol to the throne of Scotland. Baliol, however, was soon deposed, and later attempts by Edward to establish him permanently as king of Scotland were unsuccessful. In 1337 France came to the aid of Scotland. This action was the culminating point in a series of disagreements between France and England, and Edward declared war on Philip VI of France. In 1340 the English fleet destroyed a larger French fleet off Sluis, the Netherlands. The action resulted in a truce that, although occasionally disturbed, lasted for six years. This was the beginning of the Hundred Years War (it actually lasted 115 years until 1453).

War broke out again in 1346. Edward, accompanied by his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, invaded Normandy and won a great victory over France in the Battle of Crécy. He captured Calais in 1347, and a truce was reestablished. Edward returned to England, where he maintained one of the most magnificent courts in Europe. The war with France was renewed in 1355, and again the English armies were successful. The Peace of Calais, in 1360, gave England all of Aquitaine, and Edward in return renounced his claim, first made in 1328, to the French throne.

Edward continued to assert his will both domestically and abroad. In 1363 he concluded an agreement with his brother-in-law, David II of Scotland, uniting the two kingdoms in the event of David's death without male issue. Three years later Edward repudiated the papacy's feudal supremacy over England, held in fief since 1213. He renewed his war with France, disavowing the Peace of Calais. Edward decided to claim the throne of France. This time, however, the English armies were unsuccessful. After the truce of 1375, Edward retained few of his previously vast possessions in France. The king had, by this time, become senile. He was completely in the power of an avaricious mistress, Alice Perrers, who, along with his fourth son, John of Gaunt, dominated England. Perrers was banished by Parliament in 1376, and Edward himself died at Sheen (now Richmond) on June 21, 1377. He was succeeded by his grandson, Richard II.

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Children of Edward and Philippa Holland are:

43. Maud⁹ La Zouche (Alan⁸, Eleanor⁷ Longespée, Stephen⁶, William⁵ de Longespée , Earl of Salisbury, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Princess of England³ Matilda, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 1289 in Ashley, Leistershire, England, and died 1349. She married Robert de Holand , Sir Knight ABT 1311, son of Robert de Holland and Elizabeth de Salmesbury.

Child of Maud La Zouche and Robert de Holand is:

44. Edward¹⁰ Edward The Black Prince of Wales (Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 15 Jun 1330 in Woodstock in Oxfordshire, and died 8 Jun 1376 in Westminster, England. He married the Fair Maid of Kent Joan.

Notes for The Black Prince of Wales Edward:

Edward, called the Black Prince (1330-76), prince of Wales, who distinguished himself as a military leader during the Hundred Years' War.

Edward was born at Woodstock in Oxfordshire on June 15, 1330, the son of King Edward III of England. During his lifetime, he was called Edward of Woodstock; the name Black Prince was given him because of the black armor he wore. In 1346 Edward accompanied his father on the English campaign in Normandy, and during the Battle of Crécy, when he was only 16, the prince won high acclaim for his command of the right wing of the English army.

In 1355 Edward was appointed his father's lieutenant in Gascony. He led the English army in a series of raids across southern France and in 1356 defeated a French army at Poitiers, took King John II of France prisoner, and returned in triumph to England with his captive. In 1361 he married his cousin Joan, countess of Kent (1328-85) known as the fair maid of Kent. A year later his father created him prince of Aquitaine and Gascony, and he went to his domains in southern France. As lord of those lands, Edward became, under feudal law, a vassal of the French king.

During his rule the prince estranged the Gascon nobles, who believed that he was curtailing their feudal rights. After almost six years of peace, Edward, in 1367, led an expedition to Spain in order to restore Peter the Cruel, the deposed king of Castile, to his throne. During the successful Spanish campaign, Edward contracted an illness from which he never recovered; Peter furthermore refused to repay Edward the vast sums that had been expended on his behalf. On his return to Aquitaine, the prince levied taxes to pay for the expedition, but the disgruntled nobles protested to Edward's feudal lord, King Charles V of France. The prince refused to answer to the charges against him, and Charles renewed the war against England. A revolt against Edward spread through Aquitaine and Gascony, and despite his illness the prince led his troops against the city of Limoges, capturing it in 1370 and massacring its defenders. A year later he returned to England and resigned his principality.

During the last years of his life, Edward was a leader of the political faction that rebelled against the misrule of his younger brother, John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. Edward finally succumbed to his illness and died at Westminster on June 8, 1376. He was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, in which parts of his armor still hang.

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Child of The Edward and the Joan is:

45. Lionel of¹⁰ Antwerp (Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 1338, and died 1368. He married Elizabeth of Ulster.

Child of Lionel Antwerp and Elizabeth Ulster is:

46. John of¹⁰ Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster (Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born Mar 1339/40 in Ghent, Flanders (now Belgium), and died 3 Feb 1399/00 in Windsor Castle, England. He married (1) Blanche of Lancaster 1359, daughter of Duke of Lancaster Henry. He married (2) Constance of Castile ABT 1367, daughter of Pedro III, King of Castile. He married (3) Katherine Roet 1396, daughter of Payne Roet (Sir).

Notes for John of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster:

John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster (1340-99), English soldier and statesman, the fourth son of King Edward III of England, and brother of Edward, the Black Prince. John was born in March 1340 in Ghent (M.E., Gaunt), now in Belgium. In 1359 he married Blanche, daughter of Henry, duke of Lancaster; when Henry died, John became duke.

John of Gaunt played an important part in the wars of the period between England and France and between England and Spain. He commanded a division of the English army, led by the Black Prince, that defeated the army of Henry (later Henry II, king of Castile and León) at Nájera in 1367. As a result of his second marriage, to Constance, daughter of Peter the Cruel (king of Castile and León), John laid claim to the throne of Castile. During the Hundred Years' War, he aided (1370-71) the Black Prince against France and established English rule over most of southern France. After a severe illness forced the return of the Black Prince to England, John took command of the English armies; by 1380 he had lost much of the territory the English had previously won. In 1386 John invaded Castile, but was defeated by John I, king of Castile and León. John of Gaunt gave up his claim to Castile and León in 1387, when his daughter married Henry, later Henry III, king of Castile and León.

John of Gaunt was also prominent in English affairs. Together with Alice Perrers, his father's mistress, John dominated the English government. He was opposed by Parliament and by the Black Prince. In 1376 Parliament banished Alice Perrers and curtailed John's powers. The death of the Black Prince that year and the dissolution of Parliament, however, enabled John to regain his power. In 1377, on the death of Edward III and the accession of Richard II (John's nephew and son of the Black Prince), John gave up his control of the government and thereafter played the role of peacemaker; he also supported the king, by whom he was made (1390) duke of Aquitaine. In 1396, after the death of his second wife, John married his mistress Catherine (Roet) Swynford, and Richard legitimized their children the following year. Saddened by the exile (1398) of his son, Henry of Lancaster (later King Henry IV of England), John died on February 3 of the following year.

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Notes for Katherine Roet:

Katherine Roet was the daughter of Sir Payne Roet of Guienne, sister-in-law of Geoffrey Chaucer, and the widow, third wife, of Sir Hugh Swynford. All of her issue was legitimated by charter of Richard II, 1397.

Child of John Gaunt and Blanche Lancaster is:

Child of John Gaunt and Katherine Roet is:

47. Elizabeth¹⁰ de Holand (Maud⁹ La Zouche, Alan⁸, Eleanor⁷ Longespée, Stephen⁶, William⁵ de Longespée , Earl of Salisbury, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Princess of England³ Matilda, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 1320 in UpHoland, Lancaster, England, and died WFT Est. 1344-1414. She married William Botilier WFT Est. 1336-1366.

Child of Elizabeth de Holand and William Botilier is:

49. Philippa¹¹ Countess of Ulster (Lionel¹⁰ of Antwerp, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born Aft. 1355, and died Unknown. She married Edmund Mortimer , 3rd Earl of March.

Child of Countess Philippa and Edmund Mortimer is:

50. Henry¹¹ IV, King of England (John¹⁰ of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born Apr 1366 in Bolingbroke Castle, and died 20 Mar 1412/13. He married Mary de Bohun.

Notes for Henry IV, King of England:

Henry IV (of England) (1367-1413), king of England (1399-1413), the first of the house of Lancaster.

Henry was born in Bolingbroke Castle in April 1367, the son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster. He was also known as Henry of Lancaster and Henry of Bolingbroke. From 1387 to 1390 he was a leader of the party that opposed his cousin King Richard II. Henry subsequently fought with the Teutonic Knights against the Lithuanians and made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. After his return to England he allied himself with the king. Because of a quarrel with Thomas Mowbray, 1st duke of Norfolk, in 1398, Henry was exiled for six years by Richard, who promised that Henry would not lose his inheritance. When Henry's father died, however, Richard confiscated the Lancastrian estates willed to Henry. Consequently, Henry raised an army, invaded England, and captured Richard, who later abdicated.

In 1399 Henry was elected king by Parliament. The following year he suppressed a revolt of nobles who supported Richard. The Scots and the Welsh, aided by the French, then began a rebellion against the English crown. The Scots were defeated (1402) at Humbleton Hill, but the Welsh continued the rebellion for seven years under the leadership of the Welsh chief Owen Glendower. In 1403 the Percy family rebelled against Henry because they were dissatisfied with the rewards for service he had bestowed upon them; they were defeated in the Battle of Shrewsbury in the same year. Wars and rebellions persisted after that date but diminished in number. During his reign Henry IV persecuted the religious sect known as the Lollards. He died in London on March 20, 1413, and was succeeded by his son, Henry V.

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Child of Henry and Mary de Bohun is:

51. John¹¹ Beaufort , Earl of Somerset (John¹⁰ of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born Aft. 1396, and died 1410. He married Margaret Holland.

Notes for John Beaufort , Earl of Somerset:

John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, K.G., afterwards Marquess of Dorset, Lord High Admiral of England.

Child of John Beaufort and Margaret Holland is:

52. Alice¹¹ Botilier (Elizabeth¹⁰ de Holand, Maud⁹ La Zouche, Alan⁸, Eleanor⁷ Longespée, Stephen⁶, William⁵ de Longespée , Earl of Salisbury, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Princess of England³ Matilda, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 1340 in Wemme, and died WFT Est. 1372-1434. She married Nicholas de Sandford WFT Est. 1356-1388, son of Richard de Sandford.

Notes for Nicholas de Sandford:

Additional information on the descendants Nicholas de Sanford is located on Brøderbund World Family Tree, Volume 8, Pedigree #3331. (Source: Diana Fitzsimons, Rockville, MD). This provided a vital link to Nicholas deSandford and his spouse, Alice Botilier. Alice is a descendant of Henry II, King of England, and links the Sanford family with the royal families of the United Kingdom and other royal families on the continent.

Dennis BeMent (November, 1997)

Children of Alice Botilier and Nicholas de Sandford are:

53. Roger¹² Mortimer , Earl of March (Philippa¹¹ Countess of Ulster, Lionel¹⁰ of Antwerp, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born Bef. 1375, and died 1398 in Ireland. He married Eleanor of Kent.

Child of Roger Mortimer and Eleanor Kent is:

54. Henry¹² V, King of England (Henry¹¹ IV, King of England, John¹⁰ of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 16 Sep 1387 in Monmouth, and died 31 Aug 1422 in Vincennes, France. He married Katherine of Valois 1420, daughter of Charles VI, King of France.

Notes for Henry V, King of England:

Henry V (of England) (1387-1422), king of England (1413-22), known for his victorious campaigns against France, born at Monmouth in August or September 1387. He was the son and successor of Henry IV. In 1403 Henry led the royal army that defeated the rebellious Percy family, led by Sir Henry Percy, at Shrewsbury. He also commanded the English forces that put down the revolt of the Welsh chief Owen Glendower. In 1410-11, when his father was incapacitated by illness, Henry headed the royal council, but was removed after a political quarrel with his father. On succeeding to the throne in 1413 Henry V restored Sir Henry Percy's son to his lands and titles; he also honorably reburied at Westminster Abbey the remains of Richard II, who had been deposed by Henry IV and had died in prison during the latter's reign. The new king continued his father's policy in persecuting the religious sect known as the Lollards and executed their leader, Sir John Oldcastle, in 1417.

In 1415 Henry warred against France, winning in that same year the Battle of Agincourt. The following year he allied himself with the Holy Roman emperor Sigismund, and in 1417 he began the conquest of Normandy, completing it with the capture of Rouen two years later. He concluded a peace treaty with Charles VI of France at Troyes in 1420, obtaining Charles's daughter, Catherine of Valois, in marriage and securing the promise of succession to the French throne on the death of Charles. When Henry returned to England in 1421, leaving his brother Thomas, duke of Clarence, as governor of Normandy, the French rose in opposition to English rule and defeated the duke. Henry returned to France for a third campaign, but he became ill and died. He was the most influential ruler in western Europe at the time of his death in Vincennes, France, August 31, 1422. He was succeeded by his son Henry VI.

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Child of Henry and Katherine Valois is:

55. John¹² Beaufort , 1st Duke of Somerset (John¹¹, John¹⁰ of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born Bef. 1410, and died 1444. He married Margaret Beauchamp.

Child of John Beaufort and Margaret Beauchamp is:

56. Richard¹² de Sandford (Alice¹¹ Botilier, Elizabeth¹⁰ de Holand, Maud⁹ La Zouche, Alan⁸, Eleanor⁷ Longespée, Stephen⁶, William⁵ de Longespée , Earl of Salisbury, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Princess of England³ Matilda, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born ABT 1370 in Sandford, Shropshire, England, and died ABT 1451. He married Maude Banastre.

Child of Richard de Sandford and Maude Banastre is:

59. Anne of¹³ March (Roger¹² Mortimer , Earl of March, Countess of Ulster¹¹ Philippa, Lionel of¹⁰ Antwerp, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, Lackland⁵ John , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Princess of England³ Matilda, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born Bef. 1390, and died Unknown. She married Earl of Cambridge Richard.

Child of Anne March and Earl Richard is:

60. Henry¹³ VI, King of England (Henry¹² V, King of England, Henry¹¹ IV, King of England, John¹⁰ of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 6 Dec 1421 in Windsor, England, and died 21 May 1471 in murdered at prayer, Tower of London. He married Margaret of Anjou 1445.

Notes for Henry VI, King of England:

Henry VI (of England) (1421-71), king of England (1422-61, 1470-71), the last of the house of Lancaster.

The son of King Henry V and Queen Catherine of Valois, Henry was born at Windsor on December 6, 1421. He never showed any aptitude for government, and throughout his reign the English court was dominated by competing aristocratic factions. Like his father, he claimed the crown of France, but France gradually freed itself from English control between 1430 and 1453. In 1445 Henry married a French princess, Margaret of Anjou. During the 1450s a group of nobles sought to replace him with Richard, duke of York, the next in line of succession to the throne. The resulting civil conflict between the houses of Lancaster and York, known as the Wars of the Roses, began in 1455. After intermittent fighting Henry was captured by the Yorkists at Northampton and was compelled to acknowledge Richard rather than his own infant son as successor. In 1460 Richard was killed by Henry's forces at Wakefield. Richard's son subsequently became leader of the Yorkists and proclaimed himself king as Edward IV.

Henry and his queen escaped to Scotland, where they remained until 1464. In that year he returned to take part in a rebellion against Edward but was captured (1465) and imprisoned in the Tower of London. He had suffered attacks of insanity all his life and was now completely incapacitated. Nevertheless, he became nominal ruler again in 1470. Dethroned the following year and returned to the tower by Edward, he died there on May 21, 1471, probably murdered on Edward's order.

Henry, who founded Eton College and King's College, University of Cambridge, was venerated by many as a saint because of his piety.

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History of Wars of the Roses: Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) is a name given later to a series of battles fought by two rival branches of the Plantagenet dynasty for control of the English throne in the 15th century. Each family had a rose as its emblem - white for the York family, red for the House of Lancaster.

The struggle started when Richard of York claimed the throne from the weak Lancastrian kings, Henry VI. In 1460 Richard captured Henry, and was made heir to the throne; but he was killed in the same year and the Yorkist claim passed on to Edward, Duke of York, who was crowned Edward IV in 1461.

In 1470, however, Henry VI was briefly restored to the throne by his cousin the Earl of Warwick. On Edward's death, his brother Richard III usurped the throne, but alienated Yorkists helped the only remaining Lancastrian claimant, Henry Tudor (later Henry VII), to defeat Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.

He was crowned Henry VII and married Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York, to put an end to the family rivalry.

© Camelot International 1996

Child of Henry and Margaret Anjou is:

61. Lady Margaret¹³ Beaufort (John¹², John¹¹, John¹⁰ of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 1443, and died 1509. She married Edmund Tudor , Earl of Richmond.

Notes for Edmund Tudor , Earl of Richmond:

Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, son of Owen Tudor by Catherine, widow of (1) King Henry V, (2) Sir Henry Stafford, and (3) Thomas Stanley, Lord Stanley, who became the 1st Earl of Derby.

Child of Lady Beaufort and Edmund Tudor is:

62. John¹³ Sandford (Richard¹² de Sandford, Alice¹¹ Botilier, Elizabeth¹⁰ de Holand, Maud⁹ La Zouche, Alan⁸, Eleanor⁷ Longespée, Stephen⁶, William⁵ de Longespée , Earl of Salisbury, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Princess of England³ Matilda, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born ABT 1400 in Sandford, Shropshire, England, and died Unknown. He married Julean (Johanna or Anna) Corbet.

Child of John Sandford and Julean Corbet is:

63. Duke of York¹⁴ Richard (Anne¹³ of March, Roger¹² Mortimer , Earl of March, Philippa¹¹ Countess of Ulster, Lionel¹⁰ of Antwerp, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born Aft. 1410, and died 1460 in Battle of Wakefield. He married Cecily Neville.

Children of Duke Richard and Cecily Neville are:

65. Henry¹⁴ VII, King of England (Lady Margaret¹³ Beaufort, John¹², John¹¹, John¹⁰ of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 28 Jan 1456/57 in Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire, Wales, and died 24 Apr 1509 in Richmond, Surrey, England. He married Elizabeth Plantagenet of York 18 Jan 1485/86, daughter of Edward and Elizabeth Woodville.

Notes for Henry VII, King of England:

Henry VII (of England), often called Henry Tudor (1457-1509), king of England (1485-1509) and first ruler of the house of Tudor, whose reign initiated a period of national unity following the strife of the 15th century.

Henry, the son of Edmund Tudor, earl of Richmond (1430?-56), and Margaret Beaufort, countess of Richmond and Derby (a direct descendant of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster), was born on January 28, 1457, in Pembroke Castle, Pembrokeshire. After the Yorkist king Edward IV seized the throne from the Lancastrian Henry VI in 1471, Henry Tudor, a Lancastrian, took refuge in Brittany. He became head of the house of Lancaster on the death of Henry VI in the same year. In 1483, taking advantage of the indignation aroused against Edward's successor, Richard III, whose nephews, Edward V and Richard, duke of York (1472-83), were murdered in the Tower of London, presumably on Richard's order, Henry crossed over to Wales, where he gathered an army of supporters. In 1485, at Bosworth Field in England, he met and defeated Richard, who was killed during the battle. Henry Tudor was subsequently crowned Henry VII in London. In the following year he married the Yorkist heiress, Elizabeth (1465-1503), eldest daughter of Edward IV, uniting the houses of York and Lancaster and ending the Wars of the Roses.

After his accession Henry had to contend with several Yorkist uprisings, notably one led by the English impostor Lambert Simnel (circa 1471-1534), who claimed to be Edward, earl of Warwick (1475-99), the last Yorkist claimant to the throne. The real earl of Warwick was actually imprisoned by Henry in the Tower of London at the time. Another revolt was led by the Walloon impostor Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be Richard, duke of York, the younger of the murdered sons of Edward IV. Although both impostors had strong backing in England and abroad, their forces were defeated by Henry. In 1494 Henry sent the English statesman Sir Edward Poynings (1459-1521) to Ireland to reestablish English control in that country. Henry managed to maintain peaceful relations with Austria, Spain, and France throughout most of his years as king. The reorganization in 1487 of the Star Chamber was one of several means by which Henry strengthened the royal power over the nobles. He died in Richmond, Surrey, on April 21, 1509, and was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII.

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Children of Henry and Elizabeth York are:

66. Richard¹⁴ Sandford (John¹³, Richard¹² de Sandford, Alice¹¹ Botilier, Elizabeth¹⁰ de Holand, Maud⁹ La Zouche, Alan⁸, Eleanor⁷ Longespée, Stephen⁶, William⁵ de Longespée , Earl of Salisbury, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Princess of England³ Matilda, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born ABT 1452 in Sandford, Shropshire, England, and died ABT 1520. He married Jane Peshall ABT 1468, daughter of Humphrey de Peshall and Helena Swynerton.

Child of Richard Sandford and Jane Peshall is:

67. Edward¹⁵ IV, King of England (Richard¹⁴ Duke of York, Anne¹³ of March, Roger¹² Mortimer , Earl of March, Philippa¹¹ Countess of Ulster, Lionel¹⁰ of Antwerp, Edward⁹ III, King of England, Edward⁸ II, King of England, Edward⁷ I, Longshanks, King of England, Henry⁶ III, King of England, John⁵ Lackland , King of England, Henry⁴ II, King of England, Matilda³ Princess of England, Henry² I, Beauclerc, King of England, William¹ I, The Conqueror, King of England, Robert^A I, the Devil, 6th Duke of Normandy, Richard^B II, The Good, 4th Duke of Normandy, Richard^C I, The Fearless, 3rd Duke of Normandy, William^D I, Longsword, 2nd Duke of Normandy, Rollo the Dane^E Robert , 1st Duke of Normandy, Ragnvald^F I, the Wise, Eysteinsson, Earl of More, Glumra^G Eystein , the Noisy, Jarl of the Uplands, Ivar^H Oplaendinge , Jarl of the Uplands of Norway) was born 28 Apr 1442 in Rouen, Normandy, France, and died 8 Apr 1483 in Westminster, England. He married Elizabeth Woodville 1 May 1464 in Grafton Regis, Northamptonshire, England.

Notes for Edward IV, King of England:

Edward IV (1442-83), Kng of England (1461-70; 1471-83), who established the house of York on the English throne.

Edward was born on April 28, 1442, in Rouen, France, the eldest son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd duke of York.